Hyperbolic Geodesics

This module implements the abstract base class for geodesics in hyperbolic space of arbitrary dimension. It also contains the implementations for specific models of hyperbolic geometry.

AUTHORS:

• Greg Laun (2013): initial version

EXAMPLES:

We can construct geodesics in the upper half plane model, abbreviated UHP for convenience:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 3)
sage: g
Geodesic in UHP from 2 to 3

This geodesic can be plotted using plot(), in this example we will show the axis.

sage: g.plot(axes=True)  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3 + I)
sage: g.length()
arccosh(11/2)
sage: g.plot(axes=True)  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Geodesics of both types in UHP are supported:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g
Geodesic in UHP from I to 3*I
sage: g.plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Geodesics are oriented, which means that two geodesics with the same graph will only be equal if their starting and ending points are the same:

sage: g1 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(1,2)
sage: g2 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,1)
sage: g1 == g2
False

Todo

Implement a parent for all geodesics of the hyperbolic plane? Or implement geodesics as a parent in the subobjects category?

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesic(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: SageObject

Abstract base class for oriented geodesics that are not necessarily complete.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint or coordinates of a point in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint or coordinates of a point in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

We can construct a hyperbolic geodesic in any model:

sage: HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(1, 0)
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to 0
sage: HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(1, 0)
Geodesic in PD from 1 to 0
sage: HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic((0,1/2), (1/2, 0))
Geodesic in KM from (0, 1/2) to (1/2, 0)
sage: HyperbolicPlane().HM().get_geodesic((0,0,1), (0,1, sqrt(2)))
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (0, 1, sqrt(2))

angle(other)

Return the angle between any two given geodesics if they intersect.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• the angle in radians between the two given geodesics

EXAMPLES:

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(3/5*I + 4/5, 15/17*I + 8/17)
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(4/5*I + 3/5, I)
sage: g.angle(h)
1/2*pi

common_perpendicula(other)

Return the unique hyperbolic geodesic perpendicular to two given geodesics, if such a geodesic exists. If none exists, raise a ValueError.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,3)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(4,5)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

It is an error to ask for the common perpendicular of two intersecting geodesics:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,4)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(3, infinity)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

complete()

Return the geodesic with ideal endpoints in bounded models. Raise a NotImplementedError in models that are not bounded. In the following examples we represent complete geodesics by a dashed line.

EXAMPLES:

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: UHP = H.UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 1 + 3*I).complete()
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to +Infinity

sage: PD = H.PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -I to I
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0.25*(-1-I),0.25*(1-I)).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I to 0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I

sage: KM = H.KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0,0), (0,1/2)).complete()
Geodesic in KM from (0, -1) to (0, 1)

sage: KM.get_geodesic(-I, 1).complete()
Geodesic in KM from -I to 1

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).complete()
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (1, 0, sqrt(2))

sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).complete()
sage: g.is_complete()
True

dist(other)

Return the hyperbolic distance from a given hyperbolic geodesic to another geodesic or point.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic or hyperbolic point in the same model

OUTPUT:

• the hyperbolic distance

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 4.0)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(5, 7.0)
sage: bool(abs(g.dist(h).n() - 1.92484730023841) < 10**-9)
True

If the second object is a geodesic ultraparallel to the first, or if it is a point on the boundary that is not one of the first object’s endpoints, then return +infinity

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 2+I)
sage: p = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_point(5)
sage: g.dist(p)
+Infinity

end()

Return the starting point of the geodesic.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.end()
Point in UHP 3*I

endpoints()

Return a list containing the start and endpoints.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.endpoints()
[Point in UHP I, Point in UHP 3*I]

graphics_options()

Return the graphics options of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 2*I, color="red")
sage: g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

ideal_endpoints()

Return the ideal endpoints in bounded models. Raise a NotImplementedError in models that are not bounded.

EXAMPLES:

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: UHP = H.UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 1 + 3*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 1, Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]

sage: PD = H.PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in PD -I, Boundary point in PD I]

sage: KM = H.KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0,0), (0, 1/2)).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in KM (0, -1), Boundary point in KM (0, 1)]

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).ideal_endpoints()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: boundary points are not implemented in
 the HM model

intersection(other)

Return the point of intersection of two geodesics (if such a point exists).

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic point or geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()

is_asymptotically_parallel(other)

Return True if self and other are asymptotically parallel and False otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,4)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
True

Ultraparallel geodesics are not asymptotically parallel:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-1,4)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
False

No hyperbolic geodesic is asymptotically parallel to itself:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(g)
False

is_complete()

Return True if self is a complete geodesic (that is, both endpoints are on the ideal boundary) and False otherwise.

If we represent complete geodesics using green color and incomplete using red colors we have the following graphic:

Notice, that there is no visual indication that the vertical geodesic is complete

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1.5*I, 2.5*I).is_complete()
False
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, I).is_complete()
False
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(3, infinity).is_complete()
True
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(2,5).is_complete()
True

is_parallel(other)

Return True if the two given hyperbolic geodesics are either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel and``False`` otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in any model

OUTPUT:

True if the given geodesics are either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel, False if not.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(5,12)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
True

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,4)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
True

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,2)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-1,4)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
False

No hyperbolic geodesic is either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel to itself:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_parallel(g)
False

is_ultra_parallel(other)

Return True if self and other are ultra parallel and False otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic \
....:   import *
sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(0,1)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-3,-1)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
True

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,6)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
False

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(g)
False

length()

Return the Hyperbolic length of the hyperbolic line segment.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2 + I, 3 + I/2)
sage: g.length()
arccosh(9/4)

midpoint()

Return the (hyperbolic) midpoint of a hyperbolic line segment.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().random_geodesic()
sage: m = g.midpoint()
sage: end1, end2 = g.endpoints()
sage: bool(abs(m.dist(end1) - m.dist(end2)) < 10**-9)
True

Complete geodesics have no midpoint:

sage: HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(0,2).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

model()

Return the model to which the HyperbolicGeodesic belongs.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Upper Half Plane Model

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Poincare Disk Model

sage: KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0, 0), (0, 1/2)).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Klein Disk Model

sage: HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0, 0, 1), (0, 1, sqrt(2))).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Hyperboloid Model

perpendicular_bisector()

Return the perpendicular bisector of self if self has finite length. Here distance is hyperbolic distance.

EXAMPLES:

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(-0.3+0.4*I,+0.7-0.1*I)
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: P = g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange');P
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

Complete geodesics cannot be bisected:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(0, 1)
sage: g.perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

reflection_involution()

Return the involution fixing self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: gU = H.UHP().get_geodesic(2,4)
sage: RU = gU.reflection_involution(); RU
Isometry in UHP
[ 3 -8]
[ 1 -3]

sage: RU*gU == gU
True

sage: gP = H.PD().get_geodesic(0, I)
sage: RP = gP.reflection_involution(); RP
Isometry in PD
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]

sage: RP*gP == gP
True

sage: gK = H.KM().get_geodesic((0,0), (0,1))
sage: RK = gK.reflection_involution(); RK
Isometry in KM
[-1  0  0]
[ 0  1  0]
[ 0  0  1]

sage: RK*gK == gK
True

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1,0, n(sqrt(2))))
sage: A = g.reflection_involution()
sage: B = diagonal_matrix([1, -1, 1])
sage: bool((B - A.matrix()).norm() < 10**-9)
True

The above tests go through the Upper Half Plane. It remains to test that the matrices in the models do what we intend.

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_isometry \
....:   import moebius_transform
sage: R = H.PD().get_geodesic(-1,1).reflection_involution()
sage: bool(moebius_transform(R.matrix(), 0) == 0)
True

start()

Return the starting point of the geodesic.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.start()
Point in UHP I

to_model(model)

Convert the current object to image in another model.

INPUT:

• model – the image model

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).to_model(PD)
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).to_model('PD')
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I

update_graphics(update=False, **options)

Update the graphics options of self.

INPUT:

• update – if True, the original option are updated rather than overwritten

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 2*I)
sage: g.graphics_options()
{}

sage: g.update_graphics(color = "red"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

sage: g.update_graphics(color = "blue"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue'}

sage: g.update_graphics(True, size = 20); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue', 'size': 20}

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicHM(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the hyperboloid model.

Valid points in the hyperboloid model satisfy \(x^2 + y^2 - z^2 = -1\)

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
sage: p1 = HM.get_point((4, -4, sqrt(33)))
sage: p2 = HM.get_point((-3,-3,sqrt(19)))
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic(p1, p2)
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((4, -4, sqrt(33)), (-3, -3, sqrt(19)))

plot(show_hyperboloid=True, **graphics_options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic \
....:    import *
sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().HM().random_geodesic()
sage: g.plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics3d Object

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicKM(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the Klein disk model.

Geodesics are represented by the chords, straight line segments with ideal endpoints on the boundary circle.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
sage: g = KM.get_geodesic((0.1,0.9),(-0.1,-0.9))
sage: h = KM.get_geodesic((-0.707106781,-0.707106781),(0.707106781,-0.707106781))
sage: P = g.plot(color='orange')+h.plot(); P  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicPD(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the Poincaré disk model.

Geodesics in this model are represented by segments of circles contained within the unit disk that are orthogonal to the boundary of the disk, plus all diameters of the disk.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(PD.get_point(I), PD.get_point(-I/2))
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(I,-I/2)
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(-1/2+I/2,1/2+I/2)

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

First some lines:

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, 0.3+0.8*I).plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Then some generic geodesics:

sage: PD.get_geodesic(-0.5, 0.3+0.4*I).plot()              # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(-1, exp(3*I*pi/7))
sage: G = g.plot(linestyle="dashed",color="red"); G        # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(exp(2*I*pi/11), exp(1*I*pi/11))
sage: H = h.plot(thickness=6, color="orange"); H           # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: show(G+H)                                            # optional - sage.plot

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicUHP(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

Create a geodesic in the upper half plane model.

The geodesics in this model are represented by circular arcs perpendicular to the real axis (half-circles whose origin is on the real axis) and straight vertical lines ending on the real axis.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(UHP.get_point(I), UHP.get_point(2 + I))
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2 + I)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(-1, -1+2*I)

angle(other)

Return the angle between the completions of any two given geodesics if they intersect.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the UHP model

OUTPUT:

• the angle in radians between the two given geodesics

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(3, 3 + I)
sage: g.angle(h)
1/2*pi
sage: numerical_approx(g.angle(h))
1.57079632679490

If the geodesics are identical, return angle 0:

sage: g.angle(g)
0

It is an error to ask for the angle of two geodesics that do not intersect:

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(5, 7)
sage: g.angle(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics do not intersect

common_perpendicular(other)

Return the unique hyperbolic geodesic perpendicular to self and other, if such a geodesic exists; otherwise raise a ValueError.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in current model

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 3)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

It is an error to ask for the common perpendicular of two intersecting geodesics:

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(3, infinity)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

ideal_endpoints()

Determine the ideal (boundary) endpoints of the complete hyperbolic geodesic corresponding to self.

OUTPUT:

• a list of 2 boundary points

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 0,
 Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 2 + 4*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP -sqrt(65) + 9,
 Boundary point in UHP sqrt(65) + 9]

intersection(other)

Return the point of intersection of self and other (if such a point exists).

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the current model

OUTPUT:

• a list of hyperbolic points or a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(3, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[Point in UHP 2/3*sqrt(-2) + 13/3]

If the given geodesics do not intersect, the function returns an empty list:

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(6, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[]

If the given geodesics are asymptotically parallel, the function returns the common boundary point:

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(5, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[Boundary point in UHP 5.00000000000000]

If the given geodesics are identical, return that geodesic:

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4 + I, 18*I)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4 + I, 18*I)
sage: g.intersection(h)
Geodesic in UHP from I + 4 to 18*I

midpoint()

Return the (hyperbolic) midpoint of self if it exists.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.random_geodesic()
sage: m = g.midpoint()
sage: d1 = UHP.dist(m, g.start())
sage: d2 = UHP.dist(m, g.end())
sage: bool(abs(d1 - d2) < 10**-9)
True

Infinite geodesics have no midpoint:

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 2).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

perpendicular_bisector()

Return the perpendicular bisector of the hyperbolic geodesic self if that geodesic has finite length.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.random_geodesic()
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: c = lambda x: x.coordinates()
sage: bool(c(g.intersection(h)[0]) - c(g.midpoint()) < 10**-9)
True

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(1+I,2+0.5*I)
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: show(g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange'))

Infinite geodesics cannot be bisected:

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1).perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 3+4*I).plot(linestyle="dashed", color="brown")  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1, infinity).plot(color='orange')  # optional - sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

reflection_involution()

Return the isometry of the involution fixing the geodesic self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g1 = UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1)
sage: g1.reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 2 -1]
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]